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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Post-translational protein modification as a tool for transcription reprogramming.

Steven H Spoel1, Yasuomi Tada, Gary J Loake

  • 1Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK. sspoel@staffmail.ed.ac.uk

The New Phytologist
|December 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Post-translational modifications control transcription regulators, crucial for plant immunity. These modifications, like redox changes and phosphorylation, fine-tune gene expression and cellular responses.

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High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Transcription regulators precisely control gene expression essential for development and environmental responses in organisms.
  • Post-translational modifications are increasingly recognized as key mechanisms that fine-tune transcription regulator activity, affecting localization, conformation, and stability.
  • The plant immune response provides a robust model for studying transcriptional regulators due to rapid, significant transcriptome reprogramming upon activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss regulatory mechanisms controlling transcription regulator activity within the context of the plant immune response.
  • To highlight how post-translational modifications modulate the function of transcription regulators.
  • To illustrate these concepts using the plant immune coactivator NPR1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1) as a case study.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of existing literature on post-translational modifications and transcription regulation.
  • Focus on redox-based modifications (disulphide bonding, S-nitrosylation), phosphorylation, and ubiquitinylation.
  • Analysis of the interplay between different modifications and their impact on protein function.

Main Results:

  • Transcription regulator activity is modulated by various post-translational modifications, including redox-based changes, phosphorylation, and ubiquitinylation.
  • The coactivator NPR1 serves as an example, demonstrating how these modifications influence its function in the plant immune response.
  • Cross-talk between distinct modifications is critical for determining the spatial and temporal activity of transcription regulators.

Conclusions:

  • Post-translational modifications are vital for controlling transcription regulator activity, particularly in the plant immune system.
  • Understanding these modifications and their cross-talk is essential for deciphering how transcription regulators shape the cellular transcriptome.
  • Precise control of transcription is fundamental for organismal adaptation and development.