Porous diopside (CaMgSi(2)O(6)) scaffold: A promising bioactive material for bone tissue engineering

Diopside (CaMgSi(2)O(6)) powders and dense ceramics have been shown to be bioactive biomaterials for bone repair. The aim of this study is to prepare bioactive diopside scaffolds and examine their physicochemical and biological properties. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-computerized tomography and energy-dispersive spectrometry were used to analyse the composition, microstructure, pore size and interconnectivity of the diopside scaffolds. The mechanical strength and stability as well as the degradation of the scaffolds were investigated by testing the compressive strength, modulus and silicon ions released, respectively. Results showed that highly porous diopside scaffolds with varying porosity and high interconnectivity of 97% were successfully prepared with improved compressive strength and mechanical stability, compared to the bioglass and CaSiO(3) scaffolds. The bioactivity of the diopside scaffolds was assessed using apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluids (SBF) and by their support for human osteoblastic-like cell (HOB) attachment, proliferation and differentiation using SEM, and MTS and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively. Results showed that diopside scaffolds possessed apatite-forming ability in SBF and supported HOB attachment proliferation and differentiation. Bioactive diopside scaffolds were prepared with excellent pore/structure art, and improved mechanical strength and mechanical stability, suggesting their possible applications for bone tissue engineering regeneration.