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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...
Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton

Published on: July 29, 2018

Finding a way to the nucleus.

Stanton B Gelvin1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. gelvin@bilbo.bio.purdue.edu

Current Opinion in Microbiology
|December 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers DNA to plants via effector proteins like VirE2. Its nuclear targeting, influenced by VIP1 phosphorylation, is key to interkingdom gene transfer.

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Combining 3D Magnetic Force Actuator and Multi-Functional Fluorescence Imaging to Study Nucleus Mechanobiology
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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

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Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation
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Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

Published on: September 14, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Molecular biology
  • Microbial genetics

Background:

  • Agrobacterium species mediate interkingdom horizontal gene transfer by delivering effector proteins and single-strand DNA (T-DNA) to plants.
  • The precise mechanisms of T-DNA nuclear import and the subcellular localization of key effector proteins, such as VirE2, are not fully understood.
  • VirE2, a crucial single-strand DNA-binding protein, is implicated in T-DNA nuclear targeting, but its localization (cytoplasmic vs. nuclear) remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of bacterial effector proteins and their interactions with host factors in directing T-DNA to the plant nucleus.
  • To resolve the controversy surrounding the subcellular localization of the VirE2 protein during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
  • To investigate how post-translational modifications, like VIP1 phosphorylation, influence virulence protein trafficking and plant transformation.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating the interaction between bacterial effector proteins and plant host proteins.
  • Utilizing novel experimental systems to track VirE2 localization during its transit from bacteria to plant cells.
  • Analyzing the impact of VIP1 protein phosphorylation on VirE2 nuclear import and T-DNA transfer efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The phosphorylation status of VIP1, a VirE2-interacting protein, appears to modulate both VirE2 nuclear targeting and the overall transformation efficiency.
  • New experimental approaches are being developed to track VirE2's journey from the bacterium into the plant cytoplasm.
  • Understanding VirE2 trafficking is critical for deciphering the initial steps of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer.

Conclusions:

  • VIP1 phosphorylation is a key regulatory step influencing VirE2's role in nuclear targeting and successful plant transformation.
  • Further research using advanced tracking systems is needed to fully understand the cytoplasmic trafficking dynamics of virulence proteins and T-DNA.
  • Resolving VirE2's subcellular localization is essential for a comprehensive understanding of Agrobacterium's interkingdom gene transfer mechanism.