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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Thoracoscopic Extended Right Middle Plus Lower Sleeve Lobectomy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
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Thoracoscopic Extended Right Middle Plus Lower Sleeve Lobectomy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Published on: February 27, 2026

Pyothorax-associated lymphoma: imaging findings.

Takuya Ueda1, Christe Andreas, Jun Itami

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Rm. S-072, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. takueda-rad@umin.ac.jp

AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
|December 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pyothorax-associated lymphoma, a rare cancer in patients with prior tuberculosis treatment, often appears as pleural masses on CT scans and radiographs. Recognizing these specific imaging features is key for early diagnosis.

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Published on: February 27, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Thoracic Imaging

Background:

  • Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) is a rare malignancy.
  • It primarily affects individuals with a history of artificial pneumothorax therapy for tuberculosis.
  • Diagnosis can be challenging due to its rarity and nonspecific initial symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the characteristic radiologic features of pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) on computed tomography (CT) and chest radiographs.
  • To correlate imaging findings with the presence of chronic empyema.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of radiographs and CT scans from 21 patients with biopsy-proven PAL.
  • Analysis of morphologic imaging features by two independent readers.
  • Review of gallium scans in 13 patients.

Main Results:

  • PAL commonly presented as extrapulmonary pleural masses (71.4%) on radiographs.
  • CT revealed lenticular (60%) or crescentic (20%) soft-tissue masses adjacent to empyema cavities.
  • Tumors often showed heterogeneous enhancement with necrosis (60%) and direct invasion into chest wall, ribs, lung, and abdomen.

Conclusions:

  • A pleural soft-tissue mass adjacent to an empyema cavity in patients with a history of artificial pneumothorax therapy for tuberculosis suggests PAL.
  • Familiarity with typical radiologic findings aids in diagnosing this rare condition.