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Updated: Jun 17, 2026
05:17
Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
Published on: February 9, 2021
[Cyclic imine toxin gymnodimine: a review]
1National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China. ryliu@nmemc.gov.cn
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao = the Journal of Applied Ecology
|December 25, 2009
Summary
Gymnodimine (GYM), a cyclic imine toxin from Karenia selliformis, exhibits high acute toxicity via injection. This review consolidates current knowledge on GYM, highlighting research gaps in its toxicity mechanisms.
Area of Science:
- Marine Biology
- Toxinology
- Environmental Toxicology
Background:
- Gymnodimine (GYM) is a cyclic imine algal toxin.
- First detected in New Zealand oysters in 1994.
- Produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the structure, producer, and toxicity of Gymnodimine (GYM).
- To consolidate information on GYM's distribution, metabolism, and risk.
- To identify future research directions for this algal toxin.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of published studies on Gymnodimine (GYM).
- Analysis of GYM's chemical structure and imine functional group.
- Compilation of data on toxicity, carrying animals, and geographical distribution.
Main Results:
- Gymnodimine (GYM) possesses low oral toxicity but high acute lethal toxicity upon intraperitoneal injection in mice.
- The imine functional group is identified as the primary toxic component.
- Limited data exists on GYM's detailed toxicity mechanisms.
Conclusions:
- Gymnodimine (GYM) represents a significant algal toxin requiring further investigation.
- Comprehensive research is needed on its toxicity mechanisms, dose-effect relationships, and risk assessment.
- Further studies should focus on degradation, metabolism, and ecological impact.
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