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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Published on: October 7, 2013

The separation of X-ray diffraction patterns for threat detection.

Anthony Dicken1, Keith Rogers, Paul Evans

  • 1Department of Translational Medicine, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, UK. a.dicken@cranfield.ac.uk

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|December 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new method using multiple X-ray diffractograms to identify materials. The technique improves material identification in complex environments like airport security screening.

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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physics

Background:

  • Accurate material identification is crucial for security applications.
  • Existing methods struggle in cluttered environments with overlapping signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for enhanced material identification.
  • To improve performance in complex, cluttered environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a series of X-ray diffractograms collected in transmission.
  • Employing a multiple perspective approach to analyze data.
  • Distinguishing diffractograms from materials at various positions along the X-ray beam.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated a novel method for material identification.
  • The technique shows promise for enhanced performance in cluttered settings.
  • Potential for improved accuracy in complex scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • The developed multiple perspective X-ray diffractogram analysis is effective.
  • This method offers a significant advancement for material identification in challenging environments.
  • Applicable to security screening and other complex analytical tasks.