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Related Concept Videos

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Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
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A bHLH code for cardiac morphogenesis.

Simon J Conway1, Beth Firulli, Anthony B Firulli

  • 1Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department Anatomy, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA.

Pediatric Cardiology
|December 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Basic Helix-loop Helix (bHLH) proteins, particularly HAND factors, are crucial for heart development. Understanding their dimerization and gene dosage is key to addressing congenital heart defects.

Keywords:
Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factorsCongenital heart diseasesGene dosage

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cardiomyocyte differentiation involves complex epigenetic and transcriptional regulation.
  • Basic Helix-loop Helix (bHLH) proteins are key regulators in heart formation.
  • The HAND family of bHLH proteins plays a significant role in cardiogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on HAND bHLH proteins in heart development.
  • To explore strategies for understanding HAND/Twist gene dosage and functional redundancy.
  • To investigate the role of these factors in congenital heart defect pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bHLH factors in cardiogenesis.
  • Analysis of dimerization properties of bHLH proteins.
  • Examination of loss-of-function studies in animal models.

Main Results:

  • bHLH protein function depends on dimerization partners and post-translational modifications.
  • Identifying downstream targets and pathways regulated by bHLH factors in cardiogenesis remains challenging.
  • Functional redundancy and gene dosage of HAND/Twist proteins are not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise roles of HAND bHLH proteins in heart development.
  • Understanding HAND/Twist relationships may provide insights into congenital heart defects.
  • Strategies for studying gene dosage and redundancy are crucial for advancing the field.