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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
08:59

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: January 5, 2017

Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour (pPNET) in the cervical spine.

H S Alexander1, C Koleda, M K Hunn

  • 1Capital and Coast District Health Board, Newtown, Wellington 6021, New Zealand. hamishalexander@gmail.com

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|December 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are rare spinal cord tumors. This report details the first known case of a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor in the cervical spine.

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Identifying, Diagnosing, and Grading Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
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Identifying, Diagnosing, and Grading Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models

Published on: May 17, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Identifying, Diagnosing, and Grading Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
08:57

Identifying, Diagnosing, and Grading Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models

Published on: May 17, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Spinal cord pathology
  • Tumorigenesis

Background:

  • Primary spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are exceedingly rare.
  • PNETs typically arise in the central nervous system or as peripheral tumors.
  • Spinal PNETs are uncommon, with most cases reported in the thoracic or lumbar regions.

Observation:

  • A 45-year-old male presented with a rare peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
  • The tumor was located in the cervical spine, a highly unusual site.
  • This case highlights the potential for PNETs to occur in diverse spinal locations.

Findings:

  • The presented case is the first documented instance of a PNET originating in the cervical spine.
  • This finding expands the known anatomical distribution of spinal PNETs.
  • Diagnostic and surgical challenges associated with cervical spine tumors are noted.

Implications:

  • This report contributes to the understanding of rare spinal tumor epidemiology.
  • It underscores the importance of considering PNETs in the differential diagnosis of cervical spine masses.
  • Further research into the pathogenesis and optimal management of spinal PNETs is warranted.