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Related Concept Videos

Heat Flow and Specific Heat01:12

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is the kilocalorie...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving01:20

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There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting characteristics, but all three have two things in common: they transfer heat solely because of a temperature difference; and the greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat transfer.
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III01:25

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III

The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns
07:32

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Published on: April 10, 2017

Solid water phantom heat conduction: Heating and cooling rates.

Martin J Butson1, Tsang Cheung, Peter K N Yu

  • 1Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Department of Medical Physics, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia.

Journal of Medical Physics
|December 31, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temperature variations in solid water phantoms can impact radiation dosimetry accuracy. Proper acclimatization or temperature correction methods are crucial for reliable radiotherapy measurements.

Keywords:
Dosimetryheat conductionradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Physics
  • Dosimetry

Background:

  • Solid water phantoms are standard for radiotherapy calibration and quality assurance.
  • Temperature differentials can affect heat conduction within solid water phantoms.
  • These temperature variations can compromise the accuracy of radiation dosimetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate temperature variations in Radiation Measurement Incorporated (RMI) solid water phantoms.
  • Analyze the thermal properties of these phantoms.
  • Determine the effects of temperature differentials on radiation dosimetry accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Measured thermal time constants for different phantom slice configurations and workbench materials.
  • Monitored temperature changes at the center of solid water phantoms over time.
  • Assessed the influence of phantom construction (number/thickness of slices) on heat conduction.

Main Results:

  • Temperature change rate at the phantom center is influenced by surface area, contact materials, and phantom construction.
  • A 2-cm solid water slice had a thermal time constant of ~20 min on steel vs. ~60 min on wood.
  • Larger phantoms exhibited a transient thermal equilibrium at the center for up to 2 hours.

Conclusions:

  • The insulating properties of stacked slices create air spaces that inhibit heat conduction.
  • Recommendations include keeping phantoms in the treatment room or pre-conditioning them for at least 10 hours.
  • Standard linear interpolation can be used for temperature correction if pre-conditioning is not feasible.