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Related Concept Videos

Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Hemoperfusion and Hemofiltration01:25

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Hemoperfusion and Hemofiltration

Hemoperfusion and hemofiltration are critical techniques in medical treatments to eliminate accumulated drugs, metabolites, and electrolytes from the bloodstream. These methods are particularly vital in cases of accidental poisoning and drug overdose.Hemoperfusion involves passing blood through an adsorbent material to remove unwanted substances. The main adsorbents used in hemoperfusion include activated charcoal and Amberlite resins. Activated charcoal can adsorb both polar and nonpolar...

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Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells
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Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells

Published on: May 17, 2019

[Extracorporeal photochemotherapy].

M Viguier1, F Pouthier, P Tiberghien

  • 1Université Paris VII, Paris, France.

Transfusion Clinique Et Biologique : Journal De La Societe Francaise De Transfusion Sanguine
|January 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is an immune-modulating therapy. While ECP shows promise for autoimmune diseases and graft rejection, its precise mechanisms and optimal use require further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Therapy
  • Photobiology

Background:

  • Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a cellular therapy involving psoralen and UV-A irradiation.
  • Its immunomodulatory mechanisms, beyond leukocyte photodestruction, are not fully understood.
  • ECP is clinically applied in Sezary syndrome, graft-versus-host disease, organ transplant rejection, and autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the unclear mechanisms of action of ECP.
  • To investigate how ECP induces both anti-tumor immunity and immune tolerance.
  • To identify areas for future research, including adjuvant therapies, long-term effects, and treatment protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Leukapheresis followed by ex vivo psoralen and ultraviolet A irradiation.
  • Analysis of immune response modulation, dendritic cell maturation, and regulatory T cell production.
  • Review of current clinical applications and identification of knowledge gaps.

Main Results:

  • ECP demonstrates immunomodulatory effects by down-regulating immune responses.
  • ECP promotes immune tolerance through dendritic cell maturation and regulatory T cell induction.
  • The dual action of ECP in activating anti-tumor immunity and inducing tolerance remains an area of active research.

Conclusions:

  • ECP possesses significant immunomodulatory capabilities, inducing tolerance and potentially enhancing anti-tumor responses.
  • Further research is crucial to fully understand ECP's complex mechanisms and optimize its therapeutic applications.
  • Investigating adjuvant therapies, long-term outcomes, and standardized protocols will refine ECP's clinical utility.