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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR
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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

Published on: February 23, 2016

L-band Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization.

Sandra Garcia1, Jeffrey H Walton, Brandon Armstrong

  • 1Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. spgarcia24@gmail.com

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|January 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) instrument. This system enhances nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals, enabling detailed study of water dynamics in complex biological systems.

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Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR
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Published on: February 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) significantly enhances Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signal sensitivity.
  • Low-field DNP offers unique advantages for studying molecular dynamics due to broader spectral windows.
  • Understanding water dynamics is crucial for macromolecular function in biological and material systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel Overhauser DNP instrument operating at a low magnetic field (0.04 T).
  • To determine the electron-nucleus coupling factor of a stable radical in water at this low field.
  • To assess the potential of this low-field DNP system for observing slow water dynamics in macromolecular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a home-built Overhauser DNP instrument utilizing L-band Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) at 1.1 GHz and proton (1H) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) at 1.7 MHz.
  • Measurement of the electron-nucleus coupling factor for 4-oxo-TEMPO dissolved in water at 0.04 T.
  • Comparison of DNP enhancement and accessible time scales with higher magnetic field (0.35 T) X-band ESR systems.

Main Results:

  • The electron-nucleus coupling factor for 4-oxo-TEMPO in water was determined to be 0.39 ± 0.06 at 0.04 T.
  • A higher coupling factor at 0.04 T compared to 0.35 T was observed, leading to greater NMR signal enhancement.
  • The developed system allows observation of water dynamics with correlation times up to 10 ns, significantly slower than previously accessible.

Conclusions:

  • The developed low-field (0.04 T) Overhauser DNP instrument provides significantly enhanced NMR signals.
  • This enhanced sensitivity facilitates the study of slower water dynamics (up to 10 ns correlation times) in macromolecular systems.
  • The system offers a valuable tool for investigating water interactions with proteins, polymers, and lipid vesicles.