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Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function.
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function.
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...

Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials

Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials

Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests

Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests

Published on: November 30, 2017

A mathematical model of cleavage.

Masakazu Akiyama¹, Atsushi Tero, Ryo Kobayashi

¹Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan. d072113@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Journal of Theoretical Biology

|January 5, 2010

Summary

This study models early embryonic cell division, known as cleavage, using sea urchins. It explores how chemical diffusion and cell movement coordinate cell cycles for blastula formation.

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Mathematical Modeling
Cell Biology

Background:

Cleavage is a critical early developmental stage involving rapid cell division.
The precise coordination mechanism governing cleavage remains poorly understood.
Sea urchins serve as a model organism for studying early embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a mathematical model for the process of embryonic cleavage.
To investigate the role of chemical substance diffusion in coordinating cell division.
To elucidate the mechanism of orderly cell division during blastula formation.

Main Methods:

Mathematical modeling of cleavage processes.
Focus on diffusion of chemical substances from animal and vegetal poles.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests

Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests

Published on: November 30, 2017

Performing Microscope-Mounted Y-Shaped Cutting Tests

Performing Microscope-Mounted Y-Shaped Cutting Tests

Published on: January 20, 2023

Incorporation of chemotactic motion of centrosomes into the model.

Main Results:

A mathematical model was constructed to describe early cleavage stages.
The model considers chemical diffusion and centrosome movement.
It provides a framework for understanding coordinated cell division.

Conclusions:

The proposed model offers insights into the coordination of cell division during cleavage.
Chemical signaling and cell motility are key factors in blastula formation.
Further research can refine this model for broader developmental biology applications.