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Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Translation in Prokaryotes

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure. Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

Structural and mechanistic insights into translation termination.

Portia Gloria Loh¹, Haiwei Song

¹Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology

|January 8, 2010

Summary

Translation termination relies on peptide release factors (RFs). Recent structural and biochemical studies reveal how Class I and II RFs recognize stop codons and release polypeptide chains, advancing our understanding of this crucial cellular process.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Structural Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Translation termination is a critical step in protein synthesis, ensuring accurate protein production.
Peptide release factors (RFs) mediate translation termination by recognizing stop codons.
Two classes of RFs exist, with distinct roles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanistic principles of stop codon recognition and peptide release.
To understand the structural basis of RF function on and off the ribosome.
To compare the roles of Class I and Class II RFs in different organisms.

Main Methods:

High-resolution crystal structure determination of RFs.
Biochemical analyses of RF activity.
Structural studies of RFs in complex with the ribosome.

Main Results:

High-resolution structures of Class I and Class II RFs have been determined.
These structures reveal insights into stop codon recognition mechanisms.
Biochemical data complements structural findings, explaining RF function.

Conclusions:

Recent structural and biochemical advances provide significant insights into translation termination.
Understanding RF mechanisms is crucial for comprehending protein synthesis regulation.
Further research can build upon these findings to explore related cellular processes.