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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Level IIb lymph node metastasis in thyroid papillary carcinoma.

Yusuf Vayisoglu1, Cengiz Ozcan, Ozgur Turkmenoglu

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey. yvayisoglu@gmail.com

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|January 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Level IIb lymph node metastases are rare in thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) patients undergoing neck dissection. This study found a low incidence of IIb involvement, suggesting it may not require routine dissection in TPC cases.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) is a common endocrine malignancy.
  • Cervical lymph node metastasis is a frequent occurrence in TPC.
  • The management of lymph node dissection in TPC requires precise understanding of metastatic patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of level IIb lymph node metastases in patients with TPC.
  • To evaluate the significance of level IIb involvement in the context of overall cervical lymph node metastasis.
  • To inform surgical strategies for neck dissections in TPC.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective evaluation of 47 neck dissections from 33 TPC patients.
  • Selective neck dissection (levels II, III, IV, V) with optional level I dissection.
  • Separate pathological examination of level IIb specimens.
  • Recording of dissected and metastatic lymph node counts.

Main Results:

  • 22 of 47 dissections (46.8%) showed lymph node metastasis.
  • Level II metastasis occurred in 12.7% (6/47) of specimens.
  • Level IIb metastasis was found in only 2.1% (1/47) of specimens.
  • The single level IIb metastasis case also involved levels IIa, III, IV, and V.

Conclusions:

  • Lymph node metastases in level IIb are uncommon in TPC patients undergoing neck dissection.
  • The low incidence suggests level IIb may not be a primary site for TPC metastasis.
  • Findings support refining surgical dissection protocols for TPC based on metastatic patterns.