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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

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Published on: February 12, 2013

Guiding of balloon-borne telescopes by off-set sun-tracking.

¹Laboratory of Astrophysics and Physical Meteorology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,Maryland 21218, USA.

|January 9, 2010

Summary

Two novel sun-tracking methods were developed for daytime Venus observations using balloon astronomy. The system demonstrated performance during flight despite suspension oscillations.

Area of Science:

Astronomy
Optical Engineering

Background:

Daytime observation of Venus presents challenges due to solar glare.
Accurate solar tracking is crucial for astronomical observations during the day.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate novel off-set sun-tracking systems for daytime Venus observation.
To assess the performance of these systems within a balloon-based astronomical platform.

Main Methods:

Description of two distinct off-set sun-tracking methodologies.
Integration of tracking systems into a balloon-astronomy program at The Johns Hopkins University.
In-flight performance analysis, considering environmental factors.

Main Results:

Successful development of two off-set sun-tracking methods.

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Demonstrated functionality during airborne observations.

Identified performance variations attributed to suspension system oscillations.

Conclusions:

The developed sun-tracking systems are viable for daytime Venus observation.
Further refinement may be needed to mitigate oscillation effects for improved stability.
The methods contribute to advancements in balloon-based daytime astronomy.