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Related Concept Videos

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding
06:33

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

Published on: October 11, 2018

Deciphering the MSG controversy.

Jennifer S Xiong1, Debbie Branigan, Minghua Li

  • 1Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Clinical Research Center Portland, Oregon, USA.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
|January 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can cause brain neuron swelling and death in mature neurons. Vitamin C or prior low-dose MSG exposure may prevent these toxic effects.

Keywords:
Monosodium glutamateheadacheinjuryneurontolerance

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Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding
06:33

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

Published on: October 11, 2018

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis
11:08

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: June 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a common food additive linked to adverse effects like headaches.
  • The underlying mechanisms of MSG-induced symptoms, particularly headaches, remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effects of MSG on neuronal cells.
  • To determine if MSG causes neuronal swelling or death at clinically relevant concentrations.
  • To explore potential protective measures against MSG toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dissociated mouse neuronal cultures and cell injury assays.
  • Examined the impact of varying MSG concentrations on both mature and immature neurons.
  • Assessed the effects of MSG on glial cells.
  • Investigated the protective roles of Vitamin C and pre-exposure to low-dose MSG.

Main Results:

  • MSG induced dose-dependent swelling and death in mature neurons (threshold at 3 microM), with minimal impact on immature neurons.
  • MSG primarily affected neurons, sparing glial cells.
  • Boiling MSG did not alter its toxicity, but Vitamin C significantly protected neurons.
  • Pre-treatment with low-dose MSG conferred protection against higher doses.

Conclusions:

  • MSG toxicity may contribute to its reported side effects, potentially through direct damage to brain neurons.
  • Vitamin C and pre-exposure to low-dose MSG show promise in mitigating MSG-induced neuronal injury.