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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Pioneering Patient-Specific Approaches for Precision Surgery Using Imaging and Virtual Reality
Published on: April 5, 2024
Surgical innovations arising from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars
Geoffrey S F Ling1, Peter Rhee, James M Ecklund
1Department of Neurology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA. gling@usuhs.mil
Abstract:
The delivery of combat casualty care poses numerous challenges including austere conditions, limited supplies and medical personnel, and multiple simultaneous patients. However, the exigent circumstances of the battlefield compel the development of research and the advancement of adaptive, practical medical technologies to support and sustain military health. In Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), modern changes in medical management, coupled with improved protective gear and evacuation capabilities, have facilitated the highest survival rate in combat history.
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