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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

VEZF1 elements mediate protection from DNA methylation.

Jacqueline Dickson1, Humaira Gowher, Ruslan Strogantsev

  • 1Section of Pathology and Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

Plos Genetics
|January 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin barrier elements protect genes from silencing by DNA methylation. The protein VEZF1 specifically binds these elements, defending CpG islands and maintaining epigenetic stability.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Published on: September 7, 2017

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing
10:44

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Genome organization and gene regulation involve distinct epigenetic chromatin domains.
  • Chromatin insulators and barrier elements define these domains.
  • The beta-globin HS4 insulator blocks enhancers and repressive histone modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if vertebrate barrier elements defend genes from DNA methylation-induced silencing.
  • To identify factors and sequences involved in methylation protection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a stable reporter gene system to assess DNA methylation.
  • Investigated the role of specific DNA sequences and protein factors.
  • Purified proteins interacting with methylation protection elements.

Main Results:

  • HS4 insulator protects gene promoters from de novo DNA methylation, independent of histone acetylation or transcription.
  • Methylation protection sequences are distinct from enhancer blocking and histone modification recruitment elements.
  • VEZF1 protein specifically binds methylation protection elements.
  • VEZF1 elements mediate demethylation and protect the APRT CpG island promoter from DNA methylation.

Conclusions:

  • Vertebrate barrier elements prevent DNA methylation, contributing to epigenetic stability.
  • VEZF1 is a key factor protecting CpG islands from DNA methylation.
  • Barrier elements have a division of labor, with separable functions for methylation protection and chromatin state regulation.