Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A new, ultra-stable lab for nano-metrology of x-ray optics at Diamond Light Source.

The Review of scientific instruments·2025
Same author

Socioeconomic and ethnic disparities in preterm births in an English maternity setting: a population-based study of 1.3 million births.

BMC medicine·2024
Same author

ISSLS PRIZE in Clinical Science 2023: comparison of degenerative MRI features of the intervertebral disc between those with and without chronic low back pain. An exploratory study of two large female populations using automated annotation.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2023
Same author

Tamoxifen evolution.

British journal of cancer·2023
Same author

Safety of the use of gold nanoparticles conjugated with proinsulin peptide and administered by hollow microneedles as an immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes.

Immunotherapy advances·2022
Same author

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK medical education. A nationwide student survey.

Medical teacher·2021
Same journal

Correction to: Melatonin at pharmacological concentrations suppresses osteoclastogenesis via the attenuation of intracellular ROS.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2026
Same journal

Letter to the Editor: multiplicity, microbiome interventions, and measurement biases in bone health biomarkers.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2026
Same journal

Association between myosteatosis and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2026
Same journal

Author response to the letter to the editor regarding "Hip Response to Romosozumab in Glucocorticoid Users: Beyond Systemic Bone Turnover Markers".

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2026
Same journal

Preventing post-denosumab bone loss with zoledronate: a 2-year randomized trial in post-menopausal women without and with pre-exposure to bisphosphonates.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2026
Same journal

Revisiting the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST): evidence from a multi-cohort study in Asia supporting age-dependent thresholds.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Significant differences in UK and US female bone density reference ranges.

E Noon1, S Singh, J Cuzick

  • 1Osteoporosis Research Unit, Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|January 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

US reference ranges for bone mineral density (BMD) T- and Z-scores are unsuitable for UK women, leading to recruitment issues in studies. UK women have higher BMD, impacting osteoporosis diagnosis and research.

More Related Videos

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Osteoporosis research and diagnosis
  • Bone mineral density (BMD) assessment
  • Comparative population studies

Background:

  • Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is crucial for diagnosing osteoporosis and evaluating treatments.
  • Accurate interpretation of DXA results is vital in clinical and research settings.
  • Current UK practice often uses US-derived reference ranges for T- and Z-scores.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the suitability of US-derived T- and Z-score reference ranges for UK women.
  • To investigate discrepancies in bone mineral density (BMD) between UK and US populations.
  • To assess the impact of using inappropriate reference ranges on research recruitment.

Main Methods:

  • Compared T- and Z-scores of 650 UK Caucasian women in the IBIS-II trial with two independent UK cohorts (Twins UK and Guy's Hospital).
  • All DXA measurements utilized Hologic densitometers.
  • Calculated T- and Z-scores using US reference ranges (manufacturer's for spine, NHANES III for hip and femoral neck).

Main Results:

  • UK women exhibited significantly higher mean Z-scores across spine, femoral neck, and total hip sites compared to expected values (p<0.001).
  • UK women's mean Z-scores were consistently higher than those in US reference data.
  • A significant positive correlation was found between body weight and Z-score at all BMD sites (slope=0.03 kg⁻¹).

Conclusions:

  • US reference ranges for spine and hip T- and Z-scores are generally inappropriate for UK women.
  • The use of US ranges can lead to misclassification of bone status and affect recruitment in research studies.
  • Population-specific reference ranges are essential for accurate BMD assessment in the UK.