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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression
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O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Published on: November 8, 2019

Electrooptical remote sensing methods as nondestructive testing and measuring techniques in agriculture.

V I Myers, W A Allen

    Applied Optics
    |January 14, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores how plant and soil characteristics affect electromagnetic energy reflectance and emission across various spectral regions. It details nondestructive sensing techniques for remote analysis and signature identification.

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    Published on: December 12, 2013

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    Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

    O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression
    06:50

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    09:55

    Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

    Published on: December 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Remote Sensing
    • Plant Physiology
    • Soil Science

    Background:

    • Electromagnetic energy interaction with plants and soils is crucial for remote sensing applications.
    • Different spectral regions (visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, thermal-infrared) are influenced by distinct plant and soil properties.
    • Understanding these interactions enables the interpretation of remote sensing data for environmental monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss plant and soil characteristics influencing electromagnetic energy reflectance and emission.
    • To review nondestructive sensing techniques for analyzing these characteristics.
    • To explain the principle of multispectral sensing for unique signature establishment.

    Main Methods:

    • Laboratory spectrophotometry and field spectrometry for reflectance measurements.
    • Color photography, radiometry, and line scan imagery for data acquisition.
    • Development of model studies for predicting plant canopy reflectance.

    Main Results:

    • Identification of four main spectral regions (visible, near-IR, mid-IR, far-IR) affected by plants.
    • Correlation of spectrophotometer and spectrometer data with remote sensing imagery interpretation.
    • Demonstration of multispectral sensing for unique plant and soil signature identification.

    Conclusions:

    • Plant and soil spectral properties are key determinants in remote sensing.
    • Nondestructive techniques provide valuable data for analyzing vegetation and soil.
    • Multispectral sensing offers a robust method for distinguishing unique environmental signatures.