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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

Rare Earth infrared quantum counter.

L Esterowitz, A Schnitzler, J Noonan

    Applied Optics
    |January 14, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    An ideal five-level infrared quantum counter (IRQC) offers near-zero noise temperature. Practical applications focus on active systems using IRQC for infrared detection and image conversion between 1 and 2 micrometers.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum optics
    • Solid-state physics
    • Infrared technology

    Background:

    • The infrared quantum counter (IRQC) is a theoretical quantum amplifier with photon gain.
    • An ideal five-level IRQC approaches absolute zero noise temperature.
    • Additional energy levels are crucial for optimizing IRQC performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Analyze an ideal five-level IRQC.
    • Determine parameters for optimal performance as an infrared detector and image converter.
    • Explore practical applications of IRQC in near-term active systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of a five-level IRQC system.
    • Experimental observation of IRQC action in various rare-earth-doped materials.
    • Investigation of 165 different schemes with varying rare earth concentrations (0.05%–20%).

    Main Results:

    • IRQC action was observed in tripositive rare earths (Pr, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm).
    • Successful incorporation into diverse crystal lattices (e.g., CaF2, LaF3, YAG) and solutions.
    • Systems studied focused on detecting infrared photons in the 1–2 micrometer range.

    Conclusions:

    • The IRQC shows potential for advanced infrared detection and image conversion.
    • Active systems utilizing lasers for scanning and pumping are the most feasible near-term application.
    • Further research into materials and schemes can enhance IRQC capabilities.