Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dynamic Orientation of Spin 1 Nuclei. III.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Intermittently pumped three level maser.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Stability of an idealized two level laser.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Transient solutions to a three level maser.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Dynamic orientation of spin I nuclei. II.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against porcine zona pellucida-3 and their functional relevance.

Indian journal of experimental biology·1992

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
07:24

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: September 23, 2021

Dynamic orientation of nuclei with spin >1.

S K Gupta, M L Narchal

    Applied Optics
    |January 15, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study theoretically investigates nuclear orientation in samples with hyperfine interactions. The rate equation approach is justified, and nuclear orientation parameters are computed for Pa(4+) in Cs(2)ZrCl(6).

    More Related Videos

    Capturing Cytoskeleton-Based Agitation of the Mouse Oocyte Nucleus Across Spatial Scales
    05:43

    Capturing Cytoskeleton-Based Agitation of the Mouse Oocyte Nucleus Across Spatial Scales

    Published on: January 12, 2024

    High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
    08:55

    High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

    Published on: October 9, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

    Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
    07:24

    Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

    Published on: September 23, 2021

    Capturing Cytoskeleton-Based Agitation of the Mouse Oocyte Nucleus Across Spatial Scales
    05:43

    Capturing Cytoskeleton-Based Agitation of the Mouse Oocyte Nucleus Across Spatial Scales

    Published on: January 12, 2024

    High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
    08:55

    High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

    Published on: October 9, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum mechanics
    • Solid-state physics
    • Nuclear physics

    Background:

    • Investigates dynamic nuclear orientation in solids.
    • Focuses on systems with hyperfine interactions between nuclei (spin >1) and paramagnetic ions (spin 1/2).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Theoretically examine nuclear spin dynamics.
    • Justify the use of rate equation approximations.
    • Calculate nuclear orientation parameters under varying conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical investigation of nuclear spin dynamics.
    • Analysis of density matrix elements in the steady state.
    • Application of the simplified method of partial distributions.
    • Numerical computation of nuclear orientation parameters.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrates the vanishing contribution of off-diagonal density matrix elements in the steady state.
    • Validates the rate equation approach for this system.
    • Presents computed nuclear orientation parameters at low and high temperatures.

    Conclusions:

    • The rate equation approach is a valid simplification for studying nuclear orientation dynamics in such systems.
    • Provides a theoretical framework and numerical data for nuclear orientation in specific experimental contexts.