Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking II
Critical Thinking I
Cognitive Learning
Problem-Solving
Counterfactual Thinking
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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Ellen Goldman1, Terrence Cahill, Rubens Pessanha Filho
1Graduate School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. egoldman@gwu.edu
Strategic thinking, a key leadership skill, develops through specific work experiences. Key factors include project involvement, focused effort, and targeted continuing education for optimal leadership development.
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