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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
09:57

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Published on: January 2, 2012

Reduced cortical folding in mental retardation.

Y Zhang1, Y Zhou, C Yu

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|January 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Intellectual disability (ID) is linked to reduced gyrification in multiple brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex. This finding suggests developmental disturbances in brain organization and connectivity in individuals with ID.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by cognitive impairments and deficits in adaptive behavior.
  • Previous research using 2D gyrification index (GI) indicated reduced prefrontal lobe gyrification in ID.
  • Further investigation is needed to understand the extent and potential causes of cortical gyrification abnormalities in ID.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate abnormalities in cortical gyrification in individuals with ID.
  • To explore potential causes underlying these gyrification differences.
  • To utilize advanced 3D surface-based analysis for precise quantification.

Main Methods:

  • Included 13 patients diagnosed with ID and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
  • Calculated the 3D surface-based gyrification index (lGI) to quantify cortical folding.
  • Performed vertex-by-vertex statistical contrasts of lGI between the ID group and controls.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with ID exhibited significantly reduced lGI across multiple brain regions compared to controls.
  • Key affected areas included prefrontal cortices, superior temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobe, insular cortex, and visual/motor cortices.
  • These widespread reductions highlight a significant deviation in cortical development.

Conclusions:

  • The observed pattern of reduced lGI in ID suggests widespread disturbances in intracortical organization.
  • These abnormalities may reflect impaired cortical connectivity during brain development.
  • The findings underscore the utility of advanced neuroimaging techniques in characterizing neurodevelopmental disorders.