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Updated: Jun 17, 2026
How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
Published on: January 2, 2012
Reduced cortical folding in mental retardation
Background And Purpose:
MR is a developmental disorder associated with impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behavior. With a 2D region of interest-based GI, a preliminary study reported significantly reduced gyrification in the prefrontal lobe in MR. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the abnormalities of cortical gyrification in MR and to explore the possible causes of these abnormalities.
Materials And Methods:
Thirteen patients with MR and 26 demographically matched healthy controls were included in this study. A 3D surface-based lGI was calculated as a measure to quantify gyrification. Then vertex-by-vertex contrasts of lGI were performed between patients with MR and healthy controls.
Results:
Statistical analysis showed that patients with MR had significantly reduced lGI in multiple brain regions compared with healthy controls. These regions include the lateral and medial prefrontal cortices, the right superior temporal gyrus, the left superior parietal lobe, the bilateral insular and adjacent cortices, and the visual and motor cortices.
Conclusions:
The observed abnormal pattern of cortical gyrification revealed by significant reduction of lGI in multiple brain regions might reflect the developmental disturbance in intracortical organization and cortical connectivities in MR.
Insights
Intellectual disability (ID) is linked to reduced gyrification in multiple brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex. This finding suggests developmental disturbances in brain organization and connectivity in individuals with ID.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Neuroscience
- Cognitive Neuroscience
Background:
- Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by cognitive impairments and deficits in adaptive behavior.
- Previous research using 2D gyrification index (GI) indicated reduced prefrontal lobe gyrification in ID.
- Further investigation is needed to understand the extent and potential causes of cortical gyrification abnormalities in ID.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate abnormalities in cortical gyrification in individuals with ID.
- To explore potential causes underlying these gyrification differences.
- To utilize advanced 3D surface-based analysis for precise quantification.
Main Methods:
- Included 13 patients diagnosed with ID and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
- Calculated the 3D surface-based gyrification index (lGI) to quantify cortical folding.
- Performed vertex-by-vertex statistical contrasts of lGI between the ID group and controls.
Main Results:
- Individuals with ID exhibited significantly reduced lGI across multiple brain regions compared to controls.
- Key affected areas included prefrontal cortices, superior temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobe, insular cortex, and visual/motor cortices.
- These widespread reductions highlight a significant deviation in cortical development.
Conclusions:
- The observed pattern of reduced lGI in ID suggests widespread disturbances in intracortical organization.
- These abnormalities may reflect impaired cortical connectivity during brain development.
- The findings underscore the utility of advanced neuroimaging techniques in characterizing neurodevelopmental disorders.
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