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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds00:55

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with varying...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
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Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

Published on: January 10, 2025

Variation of the Infrared Solar Spectrum Between 700 cm(-1) and 2240 cm(-1) with Altitude.

D G Murcray, F H Murcray, W J Williams

    Applied Optics
    |January 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    High-resolution infrared spectroscopy using a balloon-borne grating spectrometer revealed new atmospheric absorption features. These observations, especially during sunset, enhance our understanding of atmospheric composition.

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    Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
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    Published on: January 10, 2025

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    High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Spectroscopy
    • Infrared Astronomy

    Background:

    • Atmospheric composition studies require precise spectral measurements.
    • Previous infrared spectral measurements had limitations in resolution and altitude coverage.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To obtain high-resolution infrared spectra of the atmosphere.
    • To investigate atmospheric absorption features, particularly during sunset.
    • To improve upon previous atmospheric spectral measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a grating spectrometer equipped with a Germanium: Copper (Ge:Cu) detector.
    • Conducted three high-altitude balloon flights, reaching altitudes up to 30 km.
    • Acquired spectra in the 4-14.3 micrometer wavelength region over extended atmospheric paths.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved significantly improved spectral resolution compared to prior studies.
    • Observed distinct atmospheric absorption features across various altitudes.
    • Recorded novel spectral features during sunset conditions at float altitude.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully demonstrated the capability of the advanced spectrometer for atmospheric analysis.
    • New absorption features provide valuable data for atmospheric modeling and composition studies.
    • Sunset observations offer unique insights into atmospheric processes and molecular interactions.