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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems01:32

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
One of the factors influencing λmax is the extent of conjugation in the...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
06:27

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Long Path Atmospheric Ozone Absorption in the 9-10-micro Region Observed from a Balloon-Borne Spectrometer.

A Goldman, T G Kyle, D G Murcray

    Applied Optics
    |January 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Atmospheric ozone absorption of solar radiation was measured using a balloon spectrometer. Including weak ozone and carbon dioxide bands improved agreement between experimental and calculated spectra at high altitudes.

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    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

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    Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

    Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
    06:27

    Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

    Published on: May 29, 2019

    Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
    09:46

    Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber

    Published on: November 18, 2018

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
    07:38

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

    Published on: January 10, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric science
    • Spectroscopy
    • Radiative transfer

    Background:

    • Accurate atmospheric models are crucial for understanding Earth's radiative balance.
    • Ozone and carbon dioxide are key greenhouse gases influencing atmospheric absorption.
    • Previous models showed discrepancies in solar radiation absorption spectra at high altitudes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure atmospheric absorption of solar radiation in the 9-10 micrometer region.
    • To investigate discrepancies between experimental and calculated spectra at high altitudes.
    • To improve atmospheric models by including weak absorption bands.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a balloon-borne spectrometer to record solar radiation absorption spectra.
    • Obtained spectra at high altitudes (~30 km) during sunset for long optical paths.
    • Compared experimental data with calculated spectra using line-by-line parameters and the Curtis-Godson approximation.

    Main Results:

    • Significant discrepancies were observed between experimental and calculated spectra for long optical paths above the troposphere.
    • Weak hot bands of ordinary ozone ((16)O(3)) and isotopic ozone ((16)O(18)O(16)O, (16)O(16)O(18)O) were identified as contributors to absorption.
    • Weak bands of carbon dioxide (CO(2)), specifically nu(3) - nu(1) and nu(3) - 2nu(2), also contributed significantly to absorption.

    Conclusions:

    • The inclusion of weak ozone and carbon dioxide bands is essential for accurate modeling of solar radiation absorption.
    • The study highlights the importance of considering isotopic species and hot bands for high-altitude atmospheric studies.
    • Improved agreement between experimental and calculated spectra validates the revised atmospheric absorption model.