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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation
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Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Published on: August 21, 2019

A self-assembling peptide acting as an immune adjuvant.

Jai S Rudra1, Ye F Tian, Jangwook P Jung

  • 1Department of Surgery and Committee on Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Chemically defined peptide nanofibers effectively elicit strong antibody responses in mice without additional adjuvants. This self-assembling peptide technology offers a novel approach for vaccine development.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Vaccine and immunotherapy development is hindered by complex antigen presentation and poorly understood immune adjuvants.
  • Self-assembling peptides are emerging as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of self-assembling peptides as chemically defined adjuvants.
  • To evaluate the immunogenicity of peptide nanofibers displaying T and B cell epitopes.

Main Methods:

  • Noncovalent assembly of T and B cell epitope peptides into nanofibers using a C-terminal extension.
  • Immunization of mice with epitope-bearing peptide nanofibers.
  • Measurement of antibody isotypes (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3, IgM) and cytokine production (interferon-gamma, IL-2, IL-4).

Main Results:

  • Self-assembling peptides formed long, unbranched fibrils displaying epitopes under physiological conditions.
  • Epitope-bearing nanofibers induced robust IgG and IgM antibody responses, comparable to or exceeding those with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA).
  • The self-assembling sequence alone was not immunogenic, even with CFA, and antibody responses showed minimal T cell involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Self-assembling peptide nanofibers can function as effective, chemically defined adjuvants.
  • This technology offers a promising new strategy for developing subunit vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity.
  • The self-assembly mechanism is crucial for adjuvant activity, independent of traditional T cell help.