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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy

Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Scapular fixation in muscular dystrophy.

Richard W Orrell1, Stephen Copeland, Michael R Rose

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK, NW2 3PF.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|January 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scapular fixation techniques for muscular dystrophy lack evidence from randomized trials. Further research with standardized protocols is needed to compare surgical and non-surgical interventions for improving shoulder function.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neuromuscular Disorders
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Scapular winging, caused by thoracoscapular muscle weakness, significantly impairs shoulder function in muscular dystrophies, particularly facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
  • Imbalances between weakened scapular stabilizers and intact shoulder muscles like the deltoid exacerbate winging.
  • Various surgical and non-surgical scapular fixation techniques have been employed to address this instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the available evidence on the efficacy of scapular fixation techniques in improving upper limb function in patients with muscular dystrophy.
  • Specifically focused on facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, examining both surgical and non-surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of multiple databases including Cochrane, Medline, and EMBASE up to July 2009.
  • Inclusion of all reports on scapular fixation for muscular dystrophy, including quasi-randomized and randomized controlled trials.
  • Primary outcome: objective improvement in shoulder abduction; secondary outcomes: patient-reported function, cosmesis, pain, and complications.

Main Results:

  • No randomized controlled trials were identified in the search.
  • The review is therefore based on the available non-randomized literature.

Conclusions:

  • Currently, there is no robust evidence from randomized trials to support the benefits of operative scapular fixation techniques.
  • Potential benefits must be weighed against risks such as postoperative immobilization, physiotherapy needs, and complications.
  • Conducting a randomized trial is challenging, but a case registry and standardized assessment protocol could facilitate better comparison of different techniques.