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Solid–Solid Solutions

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

Energy Bands in Solids

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Theory of Metallic Conduction

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Atomistic interpretation of solid solution hardening from spectral analysis.

|January 23, 2010

Summary

This study interprets solid solution hardening in CaF(2)/SrF(2) using vibrational spectra. Maximum atomic bond strength at 55/45 composition correlates with microhardness, validating an atomistic model.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-state Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Solid solution hardening is a critical phenomenon in materials science, affecting mechanical properties.
Understanding the atomistic origins of hardening in mixed ionic crystals like CaF(2)/SrF(2) is essential for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

To interpret the solid solution hardening in the CaF(2)/SrF(2) system from an atomistic perspective.
To correlate changes in atomic characteristics with observed hardening behavior.

Main Methods:

Analysis of vibrational spectra, including infrared (IR) energy absorption and laser Raman spectroscopy.
Examination of atomic characteristics: coordination polyhedron deformation, electron shell overlap, and ionic/covalent bonding ratios.

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

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Main Results:

Three atomic characteristics exhibit nonlinear behavior with composition in CaF(2)/SrF(2).
Maximum atomic bond strength is observed at the 55/45 CaF(2)/SrF(2) composition.
The derived atomic bond strength curve closely matches measured microhardness data.

Conclusions:

Solid solution hardening in CaF(2)/SrF(2) is explained by the combined effects of atomic characteristic changes with composition.
The atomistic interpretation provides a valid model for predicting and understanding solid solution hardening in this system.