Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management
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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
Published on: November 28, 2018
Gianni Pedrizzetti1, Federico Domenichini, Giovanni Tonti
1D.I.C.A., University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. giannip@dica.units.it
Prosthetic valve implants can reverse left ventricle blood flow, turning normal vortical motion into reversed rotation. This change increases energy loss and may lead to new health issues, impacting surgical procedures.
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