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Viscosity

Viscosity

When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...

Viscosity

Viscosity

Viscosity is a property of fluids that measures their resistance to flow. It is influenced by factors such as the surface area of contact, the gradient of flow speed, and the fluid's viscosity constant, called the coefficient of viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity, also known as dynamic viscosity, is denoted by the symbol η. It determines the proportionality between the viscous force and the gradient of flow speed.Newton's law of viscosity states that the viscous force on a faster-moving...

Viscosity of Fluid

Viscosity of Fluid

Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.

Capillarity in Fluid

Capillarity in Fluid

Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

Electroviscous effects in nanofluidic channels.

Moran Wang¹, Chi-Chang Chang, Ruey-Jen Yang

¹Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16), Earth and Environmental Sciences, Physics of Condensed Matter and Complex Systems Group (T-4), and Center for Nonlinear Study (CNLS), Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA. mwang@lanl.gov

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|January 26, 2010

Summary

This study reveals an optimal ionic concentration for maximum electroviscosity in nanofluidic channels. Factors like channel height, pH, and temperature significantly influence these electroviscous effects.

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Area of Science:

Nanofluidics
Physical Chemistry
Surface Science

Background:

Electroviscous effects are crucial in nanofluidic systems.
Understanding solid-liquid interfaces and ionic transport is key.
Existing models may not fully capture complex interfacial phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically investigate electroviscous effects in nanofluidic channels.
To introduce a triple layer model incorporating a chemical dissociation layer.
To elucidate the influence of ionic concentration, channel height, pH, and temperature on electroviscosity.

Main Methods:

Utilized a triple layer model for solid-liquid interfaces.
Introduced a chemical dissociation layer to link surface charge with local properties.
Employed a lattice Poisson-Boltzmann method to model electrokinetic transport in electrical double layers.
Developed a numerical framework for systematic analysis.

Main Results:

Identified an optimal ionic concentration for maximum electroviscosity.
Demonstrated that higher electroviscosity occurs with smaller channel heights at very high ionic concentrations.
Found a critical channel height that maximizes electroviscosity, which increases as ionic concentration decreases.
Observed that electroviscosity increases with pH and is nearly proportional to temperature.

Conclusions:

The study provides a comprehensive understanding of electroviscous effects in nanofluidic channels.
The developed model offers insights into the interplay of various parameters affecting electroviscosity.
Findings can aid in the design and optimization of nanofluidic devices.