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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Application of Laser Microdissection to Uncover Regional Transcriptomics in Human Kidney Tissue
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Translation efficiency in humans: tissue specificity, global optimization and differences between developmental

Yedael Y Waldman1, Tamir Tuller, Tomer Shlomi

  • 1Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.

Nucleic Acids Research
|January 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Codon bias significantly impacts translation efficiency (TE) in human tissues, with adult tissues showing greater adaptation than fetal ones. This co-adaptation is globally driven and linked to protein importance.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Codon bias influences translation efficiency (TE) in various organisms.
  • Its role in human and mammalian TE remains debated due to conflicting research.
  • Understanding codon bias is crucial for deciphering gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of codon bias in human tissue-specific translation efficiency.
  • To analyze the co-adaptation between tRNA pools and codon bias across human tissues.
  • To explore the relationship between TE, gene essentiality, and functional importance.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale, tissue-specific analysis of human translation efficiency using the tRNA Adaptation Index (tAI).
  • Correlation analysis between tAI, gene expression levels, and gene essentiality.
  • Inference of tissue-specific tRNA pools for detailed functional group analysis.
  • Comparative analysis across different mammalian species.

Main Results:

  • Significant correlation found between tAI and gene expression levels in human tissues.
  • Higher correlations observed in adult tissues compared to fetal tissues, suggesting developmental adjustment.
  • Codon bias and tRNA pool co-adaptation appears to be globally driven, not tissue-specific.
  • tAI correlates with gene essentiality and functional importance measures.
  • Tissue-specific genes exhibit greater adaptation to their respective tRNA pools.

Conclusions:

  • Codon bias plays a significant role in human translation efficiency.
  • The tRNA pool is more optimized for adult tissues than fetal tissues.
  • Global co-adaptation, rather than tissue-specific, drives tRNA pool-codon bias interplay.
  • TE is linked to protein functional importance, highlighting evolutionary optimization.
  • Findings provide a foundation for studying tissue-specific TE in multicellular organisms.