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Related Concept Videos

Switching of BJT01:22

Switching of BJT

Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are reverse-biased. The...
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Oscillations In An LC Circuit01:30

Oscillations In An LC Circuit

An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
Bipolar Junction Transistor01:22

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are essential elements in electronic circuits, playing a crucial role in the functionality of amplifiers, memories, and microprocessors. These transistors can be designed as NPN or PNP based on their doping patterns. They consist of three layers: the emitter, base, and collector. The configuration of these layers and their respective doping levels—with N-type or P-type impurities—define the transistor's type and its operational characteristics.
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RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator

An RLC circuit combines a resistor, inductor, and capacitor, connected in a series or parallel combination.
Consider a series RLC circuit. Here, the presence of resistance in the circuit leads to energy loss due to joule heating in the resistance. Therefore, the total electromagnetic energy in the circuit is no longer constant and decreases with time. Since the magnitude of charge, current, and potential difference continuously decreases, their oscillations are said to be damped. This is...
Voltage Doubler Circuit01:23

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A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells
09:20

Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 6, 2021

Switchable genetic oscillator operating in quasi-stable mode.

Natalja Strelkowa1, Mauricio Barahona

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|January 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Even gene repressilator rings exhibit long-lived oscillations, challenging traditional bistability predictions. These traveling wave solutions offer new control strategies for synthetic biology circuits.

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Gene Regulatory Networks

Background:

  • Ring topologies of repressing genes (repressilators) show distinct dynamics based on an odd (oscillation) or even (bistability) number of genes.
  • Traditional models may not fully capture complex behaviors in transient and stochastic cellular environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and properties of long-lived periodic solutions in even gene repressilators.
  • To explore the implications of these solutions for observed cellular behavior and potential control applications.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of repressilator network dynamics.
  • Identification of quasi-stable, traveling wave periodic solutions.
  • Demonstration of control protocols using optical interference.

Main Results:

  • Even repressilators possess reachable, long-lived, and parameter-robust quasi-stable traveling wave periodic solutions.
  • These solutions explain sustained oscillations in stochastic environments, contrary to expected switch-like behavior.
  • A protocol using optical interference reliably induces oscillations on demand in both stochastic and deterministic regimes.

Conclusions:

  • Quasi-stable traveling wave solutions are crucial for understanding even repressilator dynamics, especially in stochastic conditions.
  • These findings open avenues for precise control of synthetic gene circuits.
  • The developed optical control protocol demonstrates robust manipulation of oscillatory behavior.