Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
Published on: March 15, 2024
Young adult, rural, African American stimulant users: antecedents and vulnerabilities
Teresa L Kramer1, Xiaotong Han, Brenda M Booth
1Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 755, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. KramerTeresaL@uams.edu
Abstract:
Early initiation of substance use appears to be an alarming trend among rural minorities. This study focuses on 18- to 21-year-old African American stimulant users in the Arkansas Mississippi Delta. Most participants had no high school diploma and were unemployed; 74.5% had already been arrested. Substance use was initiated early and nearly all of the men and three-quarters of the women already met criteria for lifetime abuse or dependence. Only 18% reported that they had ever received substance abuse treatment. The results suggest that substance use interventions in rural communities will require multi-faceted strategies addressing economic, educational and healthcare disparities.
Related Concept Videos
Stimulants
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...

