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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response01:15

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents
05:46

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Published on: January 24, 2013

Circadian rhythms in the vegetative state.

T A Bekinschtein1, D A Golombek, S H Simonetta

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina. tristan.bekinschtein@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk

Brain Injury
|January 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vegetative state patients with traumatic brain injury may retain circadian rhythms, unlike those from anoxic-hypoxic causes. Wakefulness does not indicate preserved sleep-wake cycles or circadian function in these patients.

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Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter
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Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents
05:46

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Published on: January 24, 2013

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter
07:42

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

Published on: September 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • The vegetative state (VS) is characterized by a loss of higher cortical functions, with preserved autonomic and motor functions.
  • Distinguishing VS from minimally conscious state (MCS) is crucial for patient management and prognosis.
  • Circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles, are fundamental physiological processes potentially affected by brain injury.

Observation:

  • This observational study investigated circadian temperature rhythms in five chronic vegetative state patients.
  • Continuous 2-week temperature monitoring was performed alongside clinical and neurological evaluations.
  • Patient etiologies included traumatic brain injury (TBI) and anoxic-hypoxic brain damage.

Findings:

  • Two patients with TBI exhibited well-formed circadian temperature rhythms and greater reflexive behaviors.
  • These TBI patients also showed less cortical and sub-cortical atrophy.
  • Conversely, three patients with anoxic-hypoxic origins displayed no discernible circadian cycles or rhythmic behavior.

Implications:

  • Preserved periods of wakefulness in vegetative state patients do not necessarily indicate intact sleep-wake cycling capacity or circadian rhythms.
  • Circadian rhythm assessment, specifically temperature rhythms, may offer insights into the underlying brain pathology and prognosis.
  • These findings challenge the use of wakefulness as a sole distinguishing feature for defining the vegetative state.