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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
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Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies
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Structural basis for lipid-antigen recognition in avian immunity.

Hay Dvir1, Jing Wang, Nary Ly

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|January 27, 2010
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Chicken CD1-1 proteins have a unique dual-pocket structure, unlike other CD1 proteins. This structure suggests avian CD1s can bind long, multi-chain lipids, expanding our understanding of the immune system.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • CD1 proteins present lipid antigens to T cells, crucial for immunity.
  • Avian CD1s differ from mammalian CD1s, with chicken CD1-2 showing a primitive lipid-binding groove.
  • Understanding avian CD1 structure is key to deciphering avian immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of the chicken CD1-1 (chCD1-1) protein.
  • To investigate the lipid-binding capabilities of avian CD1s.
  • To compare the structural features of chCD1-1 with other CD1 isoforms.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography of chCD1-1 at 2.2 Å resolution.
  • Analysis of the chCD1-1 binding groove architecture.
  • In vitro binding assays with various lipids, including glycolipids and mycolic acid.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of chCD1-1 reveals an elaborated binding groove with dual pockets (A' and F') and associated surface clefts.
  • A long endogenous ligand was observed within the chCD1-1 binding groove.
  • Binding data indicate chCD1-1 can accommodate long dual- and possibly triacyl-chain lipids.

Conclusions:

  • The unique dual-pocket structure of chCD1-1 suggests a distinct lipid-binding mechanism in avian CD1s.
  • Avian CD1s likely bind longer and more complex lipids than previously hypothesized.
  • This finding has implications for understanding avian immunity, autoimmune diseases, and pathogen defense.