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Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
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Characteristics of Dry Friction01:21

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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Spray-dried microparticles containing polymeric micelles encapsulating hematoporphyrin.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Hematoporphyrin (Hp) is a photosensitizing drug used in photodynamic therapy.
  • Developing effective pulmonary drug delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs remains a challenge.
  • Microparticle-based delivery systems offer potential for targeted lung delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a new pulmonary delivery platform for micelle-encapsulated hematoporphyrin (Hp).
  • To evaluate the properties and photodynamic activity of Hp-loaded microparticles for lung delivery.
  • To assess the potential of this platform for targeted therapy of pulmonary diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Encapsulation of Hp into poloxamer micelles.
  • Incorporation of micellar Hp into lactose microparticles via spray-drying.
  • Characterization of spectral, morphological, and particle size properties.
  • Evaluation of singlet oxygen generation and photodynamic activity in A549 lung cancer cells.

Main Results:

  • Lactose microparticles containing micellar Hp (lactose-micellar Hp) were successfully prepared with a mean particle size suitable for lung delivery (2.3 ± 0.7 µm).
  • Micellar encapsulation and formulation into microparticles retained the spectral properties and photodynamic activity of Hp.
  • Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of micellar Hp and lactose-micellar Hp were significantly higher compared to free Hp.
  • No significant difference in singlet oxygen generation was observed between micellar Hp and lactose-micellar Hp.

Conclusions:

  • The developed microparticle-micelle platform effectively delivers micelle-encapsulated hydrophobic drugs like Hp to lung cells.
  • This system enhances cellular uptake and retains therapeutic efficacy, showing promise for targeted photodynamic therapy of pulmonary diseases.
  • Spray-drying is a viable method for formulating micelle-encapsulated drugs into microparticles for pulmonary delivery.