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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
13:07

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

Nucleotide sequence context influences HIV replication fidelity by modulating reverse transcriptase binding and

Rio Yamanaka1, John Termini

  • 1Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.

Bioscience Trends
|January 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Specific DNA changes near the polymerization site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) affect its fidelity. Altered enzyme binding, not dNTP selection, influences HIV-1 RT accuracy.

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Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
13:07

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors
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Nucleocapsid Annealing-Mediated Electrophoresis (NAME) Assay Allows the Rapid Identification of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Inhibitors

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Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
09:38

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is crucial for viral replication.
  • Understanding RT's kinetic mechanisms is key to developing antiviral therapies.
  • Enzyme fidelity is influenced by sequence context and substrate interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinetic impact of basepair substitutions on HIV-1 RT.
  • To analyze effects on dNTP incorporation and RNase H cleavage.
  • To elucidate the role of sequence context in RT fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an RNA template/DNA primer (T/P) complex from the HIV-1 env gene.
  • Engineered single basepair substitutions at -2 and -6 positions relative to the polymerization site.
  • Performed kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of RT activity.

Main Results:

  • A -6 A/T substitution significantly increased rate constants for U/A and U/G basepair formation.
  • This substitution also decreased RNase H cleavage rates by threefold.
  • Kinetic and thermodynamic data indicated altered RT binding and product release, not dNTP binding or bond formation rates.

Conclusions:

  • Sequence context influences HIV-1 RT fidelity primarily through enzyme binding/dissociation kinetics.
  • Modulation of enzyme-template/primer interactions plays a significant role in RT accuracy.
  • Findings suggest potential targets for novel antiviral strategies by manipulating RT-template interactions.