Brain-computer interfaces: A lifeline for paralysis or a Pandora's box for humanity?

Recent advances in computerized technologies, neuroscience, and materials and engineering have transformed brain‑computer interfaces (BCIs) from conventional unidirectional signal recording systems (brain-to-device) to bidirectional closed-loop neuromodulation systems (brain-device-brain). BCI-based devices enable direct information exchange between the human central nervous system and external electronic devices, and they are widely used in scenarios such as rehabilitation of patients with dyskinesia or enhancement of the self-care ability of disabled individuals. This editorial discusses the rapidly evolving field of BCIs, highlighting both their transformative potential to restore neurological function and the emerging ethical concerns associated with neural data access, cognitive enhancement, and human autonomy. The academic consensus and future translational prospects are also discussed. This article attempts to provide insightful, balanced, and critical viewpoints to help BCI-related research. Indeed, the future of BCIs will depend not only on technological innovation but also on society's ability to establish robust ethical and regulatory frameworks. Whether BCIs become a lifeline for millions of patients or a source of new societal risks will be determined by the choices made today.