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Related Concept Videos

Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...

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Boroxine chemistry and applications: A perspective.

Andrew L Korich1, Peter M Iovine

  • 1University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|January 28, 2010
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Boroxines are versatile chemical structures with dynamic covalent chemistry, enabling the creation of novel functional materials and macromolecular architectures through controlled ring construction and ligand interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Boroxines are cyclic boron-containing compounds with unique chemical properties.
  • Their dynamic covalent chemistry offers opportunities for constructing complex molecular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the chemistry of boroxines.
  • To highlight their incorporation into functional materials and macromolecular architectures.
  • To discuss boroxine-ligand interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on boroxine synthesis and applications.
  • Analysis of dynamic covalent chemistry principles in boroxine formation.
  • Examination of boroxine-ligand complexation studies.

Main Results:

  • Boroxine ring construction via dynamic covalent chemistry yields novel molecular architectures.
  • Boroxine-based materials exhibit diverse functionalities.
  • Boroxine-ligand interactions are crucial in various chemical applications.

Conclusions:

  • Boroxines are key building blocks for advanced functional materials.
  • Dynamic covalent chemistry is essential for designing sophisticated boroxine-based systems.
  • Understanding boroxine-ligand interactions unlocks new application potentials.