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Related Concept Videos

Kinematic Equations - I01:26

Kinematic Equations - I

When an object moves with constant acceleration, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate throughout the motion. The kinematic equations of motions are derived for such cases where the acceleration of the object is constant. The first kinematic equation gives an insight into the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time. We can see, for example:
Kinematic Equations - II01:17

Kinematic Equations - II

The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...
Kinetic Friction01:26

Kinetic Friction

Consider a truck trying to pull a stationary car. As the truck exerts a force on the car, static friction is created at the point of contact between the two surfaces. This frictional force resists the car's movement and keeps it at rest. However, when the applied force by the truck surpasses the limiting static frictional force, an interesting phenomenon occurs. The frictional force at the interface reduces to a lower value, known as the kinetic frictional force. At this point, the car begins...
Kinematic Equations - III01:18

Kinematic Equations - III

The first two kinematic equations have time as a variable, but the third kinematic equation is independent of time. This equation expresses final velocity as a function of the acceleration and distance over which it acts. The fourth kinematic equation does not have an acceleration term and provides the final position of the object at time t in terms of the initial and final velocities. This equation is useful when the value of the constant acceleration is unknown.
Using the kinematic equations,...
Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving01:15

Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving

When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, the problem-solving strategy involves identifying the known quantities and choosing the appropriate kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities. Generally, the number of equations required is the same as the number of unknown quantities in the given example. Two-body pursuit problems always require two...
Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
For instance, imagine a point A on a rigid body engaged in circular motion. The translational velocity of this particular point can be calculated by taking the time derivatives of the displacement equation, which essentially measures the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
08:55

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion

Published on: February 5, 2020

Upper-limb joint kinetics expression during wheelchair propulsion.

Melissa M B Morrow1, Wendy J Hurd, Kenton R Kaufman

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
|January 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manual wheelchair users experience upper-limb (UL) joint pain due to inconsistent reporting of shoulder, elbow, and wrist kinetics. Standardizing coordinate systems (CS) is crucial for a clear understanding of wheelchair biomechanics and injury prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Rehabilitation Engineering
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Manual wheelchair propulsion involves repetitive upper-limb (UL) movements, leading to potential joint pain and injury.
  • Existing literature lacks standardization in reporting UL joint kinetics (forces and moments), hindering consistent interpretation.
  • This inconsistency complicates understanding the biomechanical loads experienced by wheelchair users.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the inconsistency in reporting upper-limb joint kinetics during wheelchair propulsion.
  • To highlight the variety of coordinate systems (CS) used in published research.
  • To initiate a discussion on standardizing kinetic reporting for better comprehension of wheelchair biomechanics.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic survey of peer-reviewed articles reporting wrist, elbow, or shoulder joint intersegmental forces and moments.
  • Analysis of kinetic data calculated using inverse dynamics during wheelchair propulsion.
  • Review of different coordinate systems (CS) employed in the selected studies.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability exists in the coordinate systems (CS) used to report upper-limb joint kinetics in wheelchair propulsion literature.
  • Different reporting methods complicate the direct comparison of joint loads across studies.
  • This lack of standardization may obscure the true understanding of shoulder, elbow, and wrist biomechanics.

Conclusions:

  • Standardizing the reporting of upper-limb joint kinetics is essential for a cohesive understanding of wheelchair biomechanics.
  • Adopting a standardized coordinate system (CS) will facilitate clearer interpretation of research findings.
  • This work aims to guide future research towards consistent kinetic reporting for improved clinical relevance and injury prevention in manual wheelchair users.