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A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
Published on: September 22, 2023
[Supplementary feeding of infants in a developed city within the context of a developing country]
Julia Laura Delbue Bernardi1, Regina Esteves Jordão, Antônio Azevedo Barros Filho
1Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
Insights
Infants in Campinas, Brazil, received exclusive breastfeeding for a median of 90 days, falling short of recommendations. Supplementary foods, including sweets, were introduced too early, impacting infant nutrition.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Public Health Nutrition
- Infant Feeding Practices
Context:
- Study conducted in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, analyzing infant feeding from 2004-2005.
- Included 2,857 infants under two years old and their mothers.
- Investigated socioeconomic status, breastfeeding, and introduction of supplementary foods.
Purpose:
- To determine the timing of supplementary food introduction in infants' diets in Campinas, Brazil.
- To assess current infant feeding practices and compare them to recommended guidelines.
Summary:
- Median exclusive breastfeeding duration was 90 days, significantly less than recommended.
- Introduction of water and tea occurred around 120 days; semi-solid foods and powdered milk around 180 days.
- Early introduction of powdered milk, soft drinks, and sweets was observed, particularly by one year of age.
Impact:
- Findings highlight suboptimal breastfeeding duration and premature introduction of supplementary foods.
- Highlights the need for improved infant nutrition education and support in the region.
- Identifies potential links between maternal employment and breastfeeding duration.
Objective:
To establish the timing for introducing supplementary foods in the diet of infants from the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 2 857 children younger than 2 years of age randomly selected from the city department of health live birth database between 2004 and 2005. The mothers answered a questionnaire that included 87 closed questions designed to collect information concerning socioeconomic status, breastfeeding, and timing of introduction of supplementary foods.
Results:
Assessment of the mothers revealed that 13.5% were adolescents, 73.1% had completed elementary or high school education, 45.9% had technical level jobs, 6,7% had jobs requiring a university degree, and 2.7% were health professionals. On average, participants belonged to socioeconomic class C (ranging from A, highest, to E, lowest), but all socioeconomic classes were represented. The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 90 days (95%CI: 87.6-92.4). Water (95%CI: 118.6-121.4) and tea (95 CI%: 113.2-126.8) were introduced at a median of 120 days. Semi-solid foods (95%CI: 178.6-181,4) and powdered milk (95%CI: 169.0-191.0) were introduced at a median of 180 days. Powdered milk and soft drinks had been ingested by 39.1% and 2.1%, respectively, at 4 months, and by 63.2 and 69.1%, respectively, at 1 year of age. Shorter breastfeeding duration was observed for women with technical level jobs, those who were unemployed, and those without a partner.
Conclusions:
The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was far from that recommended due to the offer of supplementary fluids. Supplementary foods were introduced precociously, especially sweets.
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