Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement01:24

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement

The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The rearrangement is a concerted pericyclic reaction proceeding via a chair-like transition state.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reaction dynamics at a metal surface; halogenation of Cu(110).

Faraday discussions·2012
Same author

Nonequilibrium processes.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Energy Distribution Among Reaction Products. III: The Method of Measured Relaxation Applied to H + Cl(2).

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Formation of Vibrationally Excited OH by the Reaction H + O(3).

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Infrared-Emission Studies of Electronic-to-Vibrational Energy Transfer. IV: Hg + HF.

Applied optics·2010
Same author

Molecular dynamics of haloalkane corral formation and surface halogenation at Si(111)-7 x 7.

The Journal of chemical physics·2006

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
05:21

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Published on: February 10, 2023

Energy Distribution Among Reaction Products: H + SCl(2) ? HCl + SCl.

H Heydtmann, J C Polanyi

    Applied Optics
    |January 30, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    The arrested relaxation method studied infrared chemiluminescence in the H + SCl(2) reaction. Results show distinct dynamics and vibrational/rotational energy distributions in the HCl product compared to H + Cl(2).

    Area of Science:

    • Chemical Kinetics
    • Molecular Dynamics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Understanding chemical reaction dynamics is crucial for predicting product formation and energy partitioning.
    • Infrared chemiluminescence provides insights into vibrational and rotational energy distributions of reaction products.
    • The H + Cl(2) reaction serves as a benchmark for studying halogen atom reactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the reaction dynamics of H + SCl(2) ? HCl + SCl using the arrested relaxation method.
    • To determine the vibrational and rotational energy distributions of the HCl product.
    • To compare the dynamics of H + SCl(2) with the well-studied H + Cl(2) reaction.

    Main Methods:

    • Application of the arrested relaxation technique to study infrared chemiluminescence.

    More Related Videos

    Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
    09:45

    Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

    Published on: March 20, 2017

    The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
    12:43

    The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

    Published on: November 28, 2016

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

    A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
    05:21

    A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

    Published on: February 10, 2023

    Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
    09:45

    Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

    Published on: March 20, 2017

    The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
    12:43

    The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

    Published on: November 28, 2016

  • Analysis of vibrational energy distribution in newly formed HCl molecules (upsilon' = 1-5).
  • Characterization of rotational energy distribution in HCl products.

    • Main Results:

    • The fraction of energy entering vibration in HCl is similar to the H + Cl(2) reaction (f(upsilon') ≈ 0.43).
    • The vibrational distribution breadth is significantly larger for H + SCl(2), indicating altered reaction dynamics.
    • A double-peaked rotational distribution suggests two distinct reaction pathways, differing in vibrational-rotational correlation.

    Conclusions:

    • The H + SCl(2) reaction exhibits complex dynamics, distinct from the H + Cl(2) reaction, with two contributing mechanisms.
    • A significant portion of available energy (≈ 19%) is channeled into product rotation (f(R') ≈ 0.19).
    • The observed differences in energy partitioning and rotational distributions highlight the influence of the SCl(2) molecule on reaction dynamics.