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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Properties of Organometallic Compounds01:23

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Organopalladium(IV) chemistry.

Ling-Min Xu1, Bi-Jie Li, Zhen Yang

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

Chemical Society Reviews
|January 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary

High oxidation state Palladium(IV) complexes are increasingly understood, enabling new catalytic reactions beyond traditional Palladium(0)/Palladium(II) chemistry. This review details Palladium(IV) reactions and their catalytic mechanisms.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Palladium chemistry is well-established for oxidation states 0, I, and II.
  • High oxidation state Palladium(IV) complexes were historically less understood.
  • Recent advancements have led to the isolation and characterization of numerous well-defined Palladium(IV) complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the stoichiometric reactions of Palladium(IV) complexes.
  • To discuss the mechanistic roles of Palladium(IV) complexes in catalytic reactions.
  • To highlight the potential for novel reaction development using Palladium(IV) chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of stoichiometric reactions involving Palladium(IV) complexes.
  • Analysis of mechanistic pathways for Palladium(II)/Palladium(IV) catalytic cycles.
  • Compilation of characterized Palladium(IV) complexes reported in recent years.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for multiple proposed Palladium(II)/Palladium(IV) catalytic reactions has been established.
  • Well-defined Palladium(IV) complexes have been successfully isolated and characterized.
  • The behavior and reactivity of Palladium(IV) complexes are becoming increasingly understood.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of Palladium(IV) complex behavior is crucial for advancing catalysis.
  • Palladium(IV) chemistry offers pathways to novel transformations not accessible with traditional Palladium(0)/Palladium(II) systems.
  • This review provides a foundation for designing new catalytic applications based on Palladium(IV) reactivity.