Cryogenic confocal microscopy with rotation in a magnetic field

Two approaches to conducting magneto-optical confocal spectroscopy are described, in each of which the confocal head is rotatable with respect to the magnetic field. A coudé arrangement has been shown to give adequate performance for scanned imaging, but lower optical throughput than a system based on single-mode optical fiber transport. The design criteria for a cryogenic fiber-coupling objective are described, and the tolerances demanded in lens alignment are shown to be relatively benign, allowing manufacture without special techniques. The practical use of the rotating confocal system with commercial stick-slip positioners has been shown to be rigid enough, and asymmetric weight distribution and diamagnetic forces are small enough to permit single quantum emitters to be studied over a range of angles and field strengths.