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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker proteins that...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation, but...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

[Cytokines in systemic sclerosis].

J Baraut1, D Farge, F Jean-Louis

  • 1hôpital Saint-Louis. pavillon Bazin, Paris, France.

Pathologie-Biologie
|February 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The balance of T-helper (Th) cell cytokines is crucial in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. Targeting this cytokine imbalance offers potential new therapeutic strategies for SSc.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis involves a critical imbalance in T-helper (Th) cell cytokine profiles.
  • The Th2 cytokine response, marked by elevated IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β, is strongly linked to the fibrotic tissue remodeling characteristic of SSc.
  • Cytokine levels are recognized as significant diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in SSc patients, detectable in blood and tissue samples.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the role of T-helper cell cytokine balance in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the significance of Th2-mediated fibrosis and the potential of cytokine analysis as biomarkers.
  • To explore the therapeutic implications of restoring Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg balance in SSc.

Summary:

  • The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is significantly influenced by the dysregulation of T-helper (Th) cell cytokine production, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells.
  • A predominant Th2 cytokine response, characterized by increased Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), directly contributes to the fibrotic tissue changes observed in SSc.
  • Monitoring cytokine profiles in SSc patients serves as a vital tool for diagnosis and prognosis.

Impact:

  • Understanding the cytokine milieu in SSc can lead to the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic tools.
  • Restoring the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cells is a promising therapeutic avenue for SSc treatment.
  • Cytokine modulators represent a potential class of drugs for future SSc therapeutic strategies.