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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
Published on: July 4, 2013
Workplace violence
Patricia Kunz Howard1, Nicki Gilboy
1Emergency and Trauma Services, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40507, USA. pkhoward@uky.edu
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate emergency department (ED) workplace violence and assess staff perceptions of safety. Healthcare workers, in particular emergency care professionals, are often the recipients of workplace violence. The majority of staff (73%) reported that they felt safe most of the time or always, and 8% responded that they never or rarely felt physically safe in the ED. Most of the sites (94%) reported the presence and availability of in-hospital security 24 hr per day. In total, more than 3,461 attacks were reported by the respondents over 5 years, with a median of 11 incidences of physical violence per site for the 5-year period.
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