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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...

Conduction System of the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart

Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Studying the Coding Profiles of Somatic Stimulation on Cardiac-locked Neuronal Responses in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn

Studying the Coding Profiles of Somatic Stimulation on Cardiac-locked Neuronal Responses in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn

Published on: May 23, 2025

Sacral neuromodulation and cardiac pacemakers.

¹Women's Specialty Center and Bladder Control Center, Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA. troth@maine.rr.com

International Urogynecology Journal

|February 2, 2010

Summary

Sacral neuromodulation is safe for patients with cardiac pacemakers. This study found no cross-talk between devices, suggesting a low risk for patients without cardioversion/defibrillation technology.

Area of Science:

Urology
Cardiology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a treatment for lower urinary tract dysfunction.
The potential for electromagnetic interference between SNM devices and cardiac pacemakers is a clinical concern.

Observation:

This study evaluated patients with existing cardiac pacemakers undergoing SNM implantation.
It also assessed patients who received pacemakers after SNM implantation.

Findings:

No instances of device cross-talk were observed in either patient group.
Sacral neuromodulation demonstrated no adverse effects on cardiac pacemaker function.

Implications:

SNM can be considered a safe therapeutic option for patients with cardiac pacemakers, excluding those with cardioversion/defibrillation capabilities.

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Published on: February 17, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Studying the Coding Profiles of Somatic Stimulation on Cardiac-locked Neuronal Responses in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn

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Generation of Murine Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Aggregates Based on ES-Cell-Programming in Combination with Myh6-Promoter-Selection

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Published on: February 17, 2015

Further research may explore safety in patients with advanced pacemaker functionalities.