[Applications of genetically modified animals]

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Genetics
• Biotechnology

Context:

• The development of transgenic animals began in 1980 with mice.
• Gene transfer techniques have been refined for approximately fifteen species.
• Low yields in gene integration necessitate alternative strategies like using intermediate cells (ES, EG, iPS) or somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Purpose:

• To review the advancements in transgenesis techniques and their applications.
• To highlight tools that improve gene editing efficiency and transgene expression.
• To discuss the current and future uses of genetically modified animals.

Summary:

• Gene transfer techniques have been adapted for multiple species, with strategies to overcome low integration yields.
• Advanced tools like meganucleases, ZFNs, and interfering RNAs enhance gene editing and expression.
• Genetically modified animals are crucial for biological research, disease modeling, and producing pharmaceutical proteins.

Impact:

• Transgenic animals are vital for understanding biological functions and human diseases.
• Applications include producing recombinant proteins in milk and exploring xenotransplantation of pig organs.
• Future uses may include improved animal production, pending environmental safety assessments for species like transgenic salmon.