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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Standard Precaution

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Published on: October 3, 2016

US outbreak investigations highlight the need for safe injection practices and basic infection control.

Joseph F Perz¹, Nicola D Thompson, Melissa K Schaefer

¹Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Prevention and Response Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS A-31, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. jperz@cdc.gov

Clinics in Liver Disease

|February 4, 2010

Summary

Healthcare-associated viral hepatitis transmission has decreased due to vaccination and safer practices. However, patient-to-patient spread of hepatitis B and C viruses highlights the need for improved infection control and safe injection awareness.

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Published on: February 9, 2011

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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Published on: October 3, 2016

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Published on: February 9, 2011

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Public Health
Epidemiology

Background:

Viral hepatitis transmission risks in US healthcare settings have decreased over decades.
Hepatitis B vaccination and safer work practices reduced risks from transfusions and sharps injuries for healthcare providers.
Patient-to-patient spread of hepatitis B and C viruses is an emerging concern.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the importance of basic infection control in healthcare settings.
To increase awareness of safe injection practices to prevent viral hepatitis transmission.

Main Methods:

Review of current understanding of viral hepatitis transmission in US healthcare settings.
Analysis of trends in healthcare-associated infections.
Emphasis on infection control principles and safe injection practices.

Main Results:

Significant progress has been made in reducing transfusion-related and occupational risks for viral hepatitis.
Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses is increasingly recognized.
Basic infection control and safe injection practices remain critical.

Conclusions:

Despite advancements, viral hepatitis transmission, particularly patient-to-patient, persists in healthcare settings.
Enhanced awareness and adherence to infection control and safe injection practices are essential.
Continued vigilance is necessary to protect patients and healthcare providers from viral hepatitis.